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Forum members,

What do you know about literacy and the brain? What would you like to find out?

Thanks very much,
Christina
OECD expert Wrote:Forum members,

What do you know about literacy and the brain? What would you like to find out?

Thanks very much,
Christina


HiSmile

I would like to know if literacy has any biological underpinnings or substrates other than those for learning and memory?
Best.
Smile Rob
OECD expert Wrote:Forum members,

What do you know about literacy and the brain? What would you like to find out?

Thanks very much,
Christina
Here is an interesting concept of maths literacy.

What is "Math Literacy"?


What does it mean to be "literate" in math? Literate, as opposed to being and expert, means having the minimum amount of working knowledge for everyday purposes. In trying to define literacy, I want to focus on those math skills that creep up in everyday life enough to be an inconvenience if you do not know them. To be literate in math, not only should you know the mechanics of these skills enough to do them without looking them up or using a calculator, but you should also be able to know in what situations these skills may be appropriate. The true "math literate" is not someone who has lots of math knowledge, it is someone who correctly applies the skills they do have to given situations.
I would like to hear comments on the view that dyslexia is not a "special" condition of difficulty with reading, but that poor readers are so because they lack an ability to segment and blend sounds: an ability which is independent of intelligence in the same way as colour blindness is independent of intelligence. This view was presented in a recent UK television programme but I regret that I have forgotten the names of the proponents.
Deborah
Hi Deborah,

Thanks for this.

You can take a look at this dyslexia primer:
http://www.oecd.org/document/51/0,2340,e..._1,00.html

I would also highly recommend "Overcoming Dyslexia" by Sally Shaywitz.

All the best,
Christina
tresco21 Wrote:I would like to hear comments on the view that dyslexia is not a "special" condition of difficulty with reading, but that poor readers are so because they lack an ability to segment and blend sounds: an ability which is independent of intelligence in the same way as colour blindness is independent of intelligence. This view was presented in a recent UK television programme but I regret that I have forgotten the names of the proponents.
Deborah

Hi Deborah,
In relation to the ability to segment and blend sounds, you might like to have a look at an article reporting on research into Rhythm and Dyslexia.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/2144790.stm

Geoff.Smile
tresco21 Wrote:I would like to hear comments on the view that dyslexia is not a "special" condition of difficulty with reading, but that poor readers are so because they lack an ability to segment and blend sounds: an ability which is independent of intelligence in the same way as colour blindness is independent of intelligence. This view was presented in a recent UK television programme but I regret that I have forgotten the names of the proponents.
Deborah

The programmes was Dispatches on Channel 4 in the UK, presenting the ideas of Professor Julian Elliott of Durham University. A google search will bring up many references, mostly howls of outrage, but one that puts his point of view succinctly is http://archive.thisisthenortheast.co.uk/...05640.html.

I would appreciate comments on his work.
Deborah
Hi Deborah,
Thanks for that article, which is one of the few clear explanations of Prof Elliot's position. The outrage that resulted from the Ch 4 program, was mostly a result of the program producer's attempt to sensationalise the issue.
Where it turned out that the producer's partner happens to have been preparing to publish a book on Dyslexia that she had been writing.
It was a shame that the issues that Prof Elliot was raising, were lost in the sensationalism.

Though he raises the most important issue of how 'Labels' for not just Dyslexia , but all Learning Disorders are used?
Which really needs to be brought into question?
Where any Child with a 'learning difficulty', must be officially given a 'Label' for their difficulty. Before they will recieve direct assistance to address it.
No label, no assistance?
Though, the problem is that Labels are generalised terms, where very few children/adults actually fit the precise definition?
This creates a further problem, where after having been given a label?
Remediation is then adopted, which addresses what is defined under the label?
Which fails to recognise the variety of different potential causations of a difficulty with reading/writing/ Dyslexia?
Where as Prof Elliot states; "It is a catch all label".
What Elliot is suggesting, is that we need to move beyond the labels, and directly focus on the causations.
So that it becomes an 'individualised approach'?

Though Elliot also raises another most important issue in relation to 'why' Labels are sought after?
One most important factor, is that a distinction can be made between 'Being Stupid', or having a specific 'Learning Difficulty'!
The importance of this, cannot be overstated !
It makes an overwhelming difference to one's self esteem to be able to explain their 'difficulty' with a 'label'! Be it to a friend, relative, teacher, employer?
Another most important issue, is that Children who do not have a Label for their difficulty. Often suffer abuse from Teachers, where they are repeatedly accused of 'being lazy, not trying hard enough, or just plain stupid, etc'!
I am involved with a Dyscalculia [maths disorder] forum, where I am yet to find a Member that didn't suffer this abuse from Teachers?
Who are most relieved to have finally found an explanation and a Label?

So having stated the case for both for and against Labels?
I would suggest that we need to move beyond labels towards the development of the general public's understanding of our Brain's Processes?
So that the labels decome redundant?
Where we speak of precise brain processes.
So that remediation is focussed more precisely on a particular brain process/es, than just a label?
Yet I would argue that Schooling should have a greater emphasis on the development of the spectrum of brain processes, than on information acquisition?
Geoff. Smile
Neuroscience is relevant to many aspect of literacy, including reading, writing, speaking and listening.

What do we know (or, what do we want to know) about how language develops?

What do we know (or, what do we want to know) about the normal progression of learning to read?

What else do we know or wonder... For example, How is new vocabulary mapped in the brain? How are foreign languages aquired?

Teachers: What questions about literacy and the brain are important to you?

Thanks very much for your input,
Christina
OECD expert Wrote:Neuroscience is relevant to many aspect of literacy, including reading, writing, speaking and listening.

What do we know (or, what do we want to know) about how language develops?

What do we know (or, what do we want to know) about the normal progression of learning to read?

What else do we know or wonder... For example, How is new vocabulary mapped in the brain? How are foreign languages aquired?

Teachers: What questions about literacy and the brain are important to you?

Thanks very much for your input,
Christina

Hi Christina,
Thanks for that, where I would also add comprehension to the list.

Though perhaps this issue of Literacy, is really the overarching area that needs to be given priority?
In 'developed countries', despite the expenditure on Education, a significant proportion of Students in every single class-room. Complete their schooling without having become functionally fully literate? Be it language or numeracy?
You write that: "Neuroscience is relevant to many aspects of literacy, ... ."
Though I would like to turn it around, and say that Literacy is relevant to many aspects of Neuroscience?
My particular concern, is with the use of the terms; 'reading, writing, speaking and listening'?
Where Children are singularly taught to 'read, write,...'
Yet each of these skills, involve a synchronised use of a spectrum of neural activities. To be effectively carried out.
Where if any 'part of the spectrum' is not fully developed?
Then it will imped literacy development.
My basic point, is that the educational focus should be on the development of the spectrum of neural processes that support literacy.
So that literacy acquisition is then an experiential application of these previously developed neural processes.
Developmental problems, could also be more precisely defined.
As a specific 'neural process', instead of the vague 'failing in a Subject Area'?

What I might suggest, is that Schooling should be focussed not on Students 'passing Subjects'?
But with the development of a fully functional brain?

Would it be so bad, if Students completed Schooling, having mostly only developed the 'brain skills', to 'think and learn'?
Where Subjects became incidental experiental tools to support Neural Development'? Rather than ends in themselves?

Geoff.Smile
Thanks very much for this Geoff. This is a very interesting perspective!

How would you incorporate ingredients of achievement such as metacognition (ability to successfully guide one's own learning process), motivation (will and determination to learn), self-efficacy (domain-specific beliefs about ability to succeed), social support (level of social scaffolding), available technological tools, cultural capital (relative accessibility to the culturally-patterned knowledge and practices of the culture of power), physical health, or emotional regulation into this philosophy?

All the best,
Christina
So having stated the case for both for and against Labels?
I would suggest that we need to move beyond labels towards the development of the general public's understanding of our Brain's Processes?
So that the labels decome redundant?
Where we speak of precise brain processes.
So that remediation is focussed more precisely on a particular brain process/es, than just a label?
Yet I would argue that Schooling should have a greater emphasis on the development of the spectrum of brain processes, than on information acquisition?
Geoff. Smile[/QUOTE]

My state wants us to break the learning disability into categories such as acquisition, retrieval, memory, organization, etc. It is definitely more individualized, but I'm not sure how exactly we are to define these characterisitics. I wonder if there is a test or subtest that looks at these processes.

As to the original question, I would like to find out what causes a student with dyslexia to not be able to hear the distinctions between some sounds. Why do they have difficulties rhyming, segmenting, blending? What is the exact cause of the phonological processing deficit? Could it be damage from an ear infection as an infant or toddler? an injury or whack on the head? Is it even damage as opposed to being underdeveloped for some reason? I've always been interested in the cause of disabilities. I would be interested in your thoughts on causes of phonological processing problems that plague dyslexia.
Hi JustMe,
I was interested to read your statement:
"My state wants us to break the learning disability into categories such as acquisition, retrieval, memory, organization, etc. It is definitely more individualized, but I'm not sure how exactly we are to define these characterisitics. I wonder if there is a test or subtest that looks at these processes."
Whilst your state wants to use these categories to define learning disabilities, equally it defines learning ability.
The adoption of such a strategy, could potentially replace the multitude of different Labels for learning disorders?
Such categories would also provide more practical information for Teachers, than a label? It would also overcome the common problem that very few people actually fit the precise definitions of disability labels. Which in turn creates many problems, where it is assumed that everyone diagnosed with a certain disability, has the same set of disorders.
Whereas categories can allow for this variation.

Yet the categories that you noted, are very general.
Though such categories provide overarching headings, which can/must then be further sub-divided.
But in regard to the aim of this forum, of bringing neuroscience and teaching together.
The type of categories that you noted, could be an effective way to introduce neuroscience to Teachers?
Given that they are immediately understood.
Which would provide a better foundation to understand the various neural processes that contribute to each category. Where relevance has more potential to be practically understood and applied.
Afterall, a category such as Organizational Skills, needs to be understood as a synchronisation of various neural processes. Where a deficit in any of the relevant processes, will result in organizational difficulties.
Though a most important factor of neural processes, is the transferrance and relevance of their application within various Learning Areas within schooling.
Which is not currently recognised.
I would for example, suggest that it wont be too long before Physical Education is recognised for its major contribution to broader neural development.
Of similiar importance, is the role of Art/s in neural processes development.
Phys Ed/ sport and Art/s are generally viewed more as recreational subjects within schooling?
Yet they are in fact establishing fundamental neural processes, critical to all other learning areas.
It's not hard to recognise the value of Team Sports in developing organizational and comprehension skills? Though as it currently stands, the very Students that could benefit from this. Are usually left sitting on the bench.
Of equal importance, is the brain lateralisation, [left-right brain communication], of which specific physical exercises can develop this synchronisation.
So JustMe, I see some potential for your states shift from learning disability labels, to at least some general categorical definition?
Geoff.Smile
An informative video on the neuroscience of reading can be retrieved at the following url:
http://video.icommons.harvard.edu/videot...presid=507

Enjoy,
Christina
Hi!
Delighted to have discovered this forum!

In reply to the August posting about Maths literacy:

Originally Posted by OECD expert
Forum members,

What do you know about literacy and the brain? What would you like to find out?

Thanks very much,
Christina


I've been researching a particular aspect of this for the past 14 years with a colleague.

We've focused on the beginnings of young children's understandings and development (that begin with their earliest gestures, movement and speech) -from their earliest marks. We term this aspect of mathematical 'literacy' mathematical graphics. Our research is particularly on the development of abstract symbolism from children's earliest informal marks and symbols, and relates to research on children's schemas (e.g. Athey, 1990); Multi-modal learning (e.g. Kress, 1997); socio-culturalism / cultural-historical theory (Vygotsky); children's visual representations (Matthews, 1999); and children's 'emergent' writing (e.g Clay, 1975 and numerous others).

Understanding appears to develop from around the age of three, with development growing from early informal marks (scribble-type, to which they attach mathemaitcal meaning) through their own 'written' numerals and representations of quantities, and children's own written methods for calculations. We were the first to develop a taxonomy of this development from the age of 3 - 8 years (Worthington & Carruthers, 2003) - from our analysis of 700 examples of children's mathematical graphics.

There appears to me to be considerable links with the research on 'bi-literacy' (from bi-lingual children combining two contrasting alphabets, such as Urdu and English, or Greek and English). In mathematics young children increasingly combine their own informal marks with standard abstract symbols - provided the learning environment supports this. Because of this relationship, we refer to this combination of informal and standard symbols as 'bi-numeracy'. I'm just starting my doctorate on this, to delve even deeper.

For our publications on children's mathematical graphics, go to the Children's Mathematics Network

Meanwhile, I should love to know of any neuological research on symbolism / visual representations or bi-literacy - I'm guessing that there are likely to be areas of the brain that support both visual representations and language learning - that might support children's mathematical graphics?

Maulfry
Hi Maulfry and welcome to the forum.
Where I must say that I was equally delighted to discover your website: Childrens Mathematics Network.
I have a particular interest in Maths development, and I'm also an administrator of a Dyscalculia [maths disorder] Forum.
On reading about your Emergent approach, and the creative use of childrens Drawings in maths development. Where your Gallery was most informative.
Along with importantly recognising and accepting 'approximations'.

I must say that I found a direct connection with your research and Dyscalculia.
More particularly, in relation to the Sub-types of Dyscalculia:
Semantic Retrieval,
Procedural Dyscalculia,
Visuo-Spatial Dyscalculia,
Number Fact Dyscalculia.

Looking at your gallery of children's maths drawings, I could identify how all of the above sub-types were being addressed!
The emergant approach which utilises 'informal marks' as numerical symbols in early childhood. As opposed to 'formal marks'.
Develops the conceptual understanding that 'something' can be represented as a 'symbol/s'. Where the informal mark, highlights that it is an abstract representation.
Whereas, going directly to 'formal marks', doesn't allow for the development of a conceptual understanding of symbols.
This directly relates to Semantic Retrieval difficulties, where for example; nine and 9 are not cognised as the same?
Also important in the children's maths drawings, is the way that they used 'multiple groups' to represent quantities within drawings.
Whilst they were inaccurate, the importance of this, is that they developing an understanding of Procedure. Where incorporating 'multiple groups' into a maths drawing. Develops a conceptual understanding, from which to be presented with ; [9b X 7d] + [3a -4c] - [5n + 6g]= ?
Is conceptually understood.
The drawing of each item within a group/ quantity, also develops a Sense of Number.
The very act of Drawing, also develops the critical visuospatial and mental imaging skills.

Forgive my brief and vague explanation, though as I read some of the articles on your CMN website, I recognised how it directly related to the sub-types of Dyscalculia. Where an Emergent approach, would appear to address these issues?
I'll also add a link to an article in August '05 of Scientific American: Mindful of Symbols. By Judy S DeLoache, who has been looking at Dual Representation, where a Symbol/ Picture is an entity in itself, as well as a representation.

http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=...=1&catID=2

Geoff.Smile
Hi Geoff and thanks for your interesting and helpful reply (sorry - was away in Chile and have only just returned!).

I know of dyscalculia, but have not yet really read up on this subject, so am very interested in what you say. I agree with you about the problems that children experience in going directly and too early to formal symbols without being able to make connections with their own representations, and unpick their understanding. We wouldn't refer to 'inaccurate' representations of groups of items as inaccurate for young children, since we believe that they show children's partial and emerging understanding. Sadly in the literature there is a often emphasis on young children's errors / mistakes / misunderstandings - and I suspect that those who are subsequently diagnosed as having dyscalculia (at what age?) represent only a small number of children. Do these children also often experience dyslexia?

I shall have to go and read up about dyscalculia as you've whetted my appetite! Not sure at this point that I can answer your question about where in an emergent approach would address these issues but all may become clearer as I am starting out on my doctoral studies this year and developing the research we have already done. I know DeLoache's work but would be interesed to hear of any particular texts you recommend on dyscalculia...

Out of interest, whilst we started with the term 'emergent mathematics', we no longer use it - partly because in the USA it appears to mean something completely different to what we understand. We are in England and originally our work developed from 'emergent' writing (termed 'process' writing in N.Z.). Glad you found our website of interest - we'd be very pleased to welcome you as a member to the network: our website has a good percentage of visits from Australia so perhaps things are moving there? I'd be glad to develop this discussion over time.
All the best
Maulfry
January 7, 2006

Literacy is global and a review of the PISA studies is an interesting place to broaden our scope. This url was retrieved from the internet January 7, 2006 and includes a genuine attempt to assess and build inchoate constructs of amelioration.
Be well,
RobSmile URL: http://www.pisa.no/eng_pub.html
Hi Maulfry, and welcome back from ChileSmile
I'm glad that I have aroused your interest in Dyscalculia, as I see a strong correlation between its causative factors and the research you have been involved in. Which will only serve to support your research effort.
Your focus on intuitive numeracy as a basis to develop from, in turn identifies how current practise in fact ignores this important foundation.
It also offers an explanation for how the intuitive sense of number can lost?
Which is a major factor in Dyscalculia.
I have signed up to your website, where I look forward to discussing this further.
You might like to have a look at a website I'm administrating:
http://www.dyscalculiaforum.com/

Though your concern about the ;"emphasis on young children's errors / mistakes / misunderstandings - "
Goes beyond Dyscalculia to the more common; Maths Anxiety, which results in a reduction in the span of working memory. Which exacerbates maths difficulties. Where this emphasis on children's errors/ mistakes... is the underlying issue.

You also asked whether Dyscalculic children also often experience dyslexia?
But rather, they tend more often to be gifted in reading, writing and speaking. Yet some Dyslexics do have maths difficulties.
I look forward to discussing this further.
Geoff.Smile
2-10-06

Literacy can be a very defining or wide open term. What ever is decided about literacy, the policy makers must have a complete "buy in" or at least significant representation to understand the learning process and its application to being literate.

Just really knowing the answers [plural] to what is literacy, is not enough since the policy makers, boards of education, legislators, etc. etc. etc. [and each country has their own indigenous policy makers] inheritantly carry with them the "politic" of power and influence. This is a critical step....policy makers must be an important aspect of the effacacy of successful definition and literacy.
Just a thought!!!!!!!
Best,
RobSmile
Sorry Geoff - had forgotten to return to this forum and reply! Need to spend a bit of time looking into your website and will get back to you.
Maulfry